Revisiting Research and Development Expenditures and Trade Adjusted Emissions: Green Innovation and Renewable Energy R&D Role for Developed Countries

Research and development’s role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is crucial. More specifically, to achieve a sustainable environment, of environment-related research development expenditures, along with renewable energy development, also important. This study focuses on perspective environment via building knowledge-based economy. A economy more oriented, its undeniable ensuring development. The current general environmental cleaner for developed economies from 1989 2021. evaluated expenditures consumption-based carbon emissions political risk, income, green innovation, exports, imports. used novel panel methods econometric analysis. found that help limit emissions. Moreover, reducing increasing consumption, exports are linked inversely In contrast, imports income deteriorating factors recommends encouraging limiting risk